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 101 </div>
 102 <h1 id="server-configuration">Server configuration</h1>
 103 <p><em>Example virtual host configurations for popular web servers</em></p>
 104 <ul>
 105 <li><a href="#apache">Apache</a><a href=".html"></a></li>
 106 <li><a href="#nginx">Nginx</a><a href=".html"></a></li>
 107 </ul>
 108 <h2 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h2>
 109 <h3 id="shaarli">Shaarli</h3>
 110 <ul>
 111 <li>Shaarli is installed in a directory readable/writeable by the user</li>
 112 <li>the correct read/write permissions have been granted to the web server <em>user and/or group</em></li>
 113 <li>for HTTPS / SSL:</li>
 114 <li>a key pair (public, private) and a certificate have been generated</li>
 115 <li>the appropriate server SSL extension is installed and active</li>
 116 </ul>
 117 <h3 id="https-tls-and-self-signed-certificates">HTTPS, TLS and self-signed certificates</h3>
 118 <p>Related guides:</p>
 119 <ul>
 120 <li><a href="http://www.xenocafe.com/tutorials/linux/centos/openssl/self_signed_certificates/index.php">How to Create Self-Signed SSL Certificates with OpenSSL</a><a href=".html"></a></li>
 121 <li><a href="https://workaround.org/certificate-authority">How do I create my own Certificate Authority?</a><a href=".html"></a></li>
 122 <li>Generate a self-signed certificate (will trigger browser warnings) with apache2: <code>make-ssl-cert generate-default-snakeoil --force-overwrite</code> will create <code>/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem</code> and <code>/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key</code></li>
 123 </ul>
 124 <h3 id="proxies">Proxies</h3>
 125 <p>If Shaarli is served behind a proxy (i.e. there is a proxy server between clients and the web server hosting Shaarli), please refer to the proxy server documentation for proper configuration. In particular, you have to ensure that the following server variables are properly set:</p>
 126 <ul>
 127 <li><code>X-Forwarded-Proto</code>;</li>
 128 <li><code>X-Forwarded-Host</code>;</li>
 129 <li><code>X-Forwarded-For</code>.</li>
 130 </ul>
 131 <p>See also <a href="https://github.com/shaarli/Shaarli/issues?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;q=label%3Aproxy+">proxy-related</a> issues.<a href=".html"></a></p>
 132 <h2 id="apache">Apache</h2>
 133 <h3 id="minimal">Minimal</h3>
 134 <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode apache"><code class="sourceCode apache"><span class="fu">&lt;VirtualHost</span><span class="at"> *:80</span><span class="fu">&gt;</span>
 135     ServerName<span class="st">   shaarli.my-domain.org</span>
 136     DocumentRoot<span class="st"> /absolute/path/to/shaarli/</span>
 137 <span class="fu">&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</span></code></pre></div>
 138 <h3 id="debug---log-all-the-things">Debug - Log all the things!</h3>
 139 <p>This configuration will log both Apache and PHP errors, which may prove useful to identify server configuration errors.</p>
 140 <p>See:</p>
 141 <ul>
 142 <li><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/q/176">Apache/PHP - error log per VirtualHost</a> (StackOverflow)<a href=".html"></a></li>
 143 <li><a href="https://ma.ttias.be/php-php_value-vs-php_admin_value-and-the-use-of-php_flag-explained/">PHP: php_value vs php_admin_value and the use of php_flag explained</a><a href=".html"></a></li>
 144 </ul>
 145 <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode apache"><code class="sourceCode apache"><span class="fu">&lt;VirtualHost</span><span class="at"> *:80</span><span class="fu">&gt;</span>
 146     ServerName<span class="st">   shaarli.my-domain.org</span>
 147     DocumentRoot<span class="st"> /absolute/path/to/shaarli/</span>
 148
 149     <span class="ex">LogLevel</span><span class="ch">  </span><span class="kw">warn</span>
 150     ErrorLog<span class="st">  /var/log/apache2/shaarli-error.log</span>
 151     CustomLog<span class="st"> /var/log/apache2/shaarli-access.log combined</span>
 152
 153     php_flag  log_errors on
 154     php_flag  display_errors on
 155     php_value error_reporting 2147483647
 156     php_value error_log /var/log/apache2/shaarli-php-error.log
 157 <span class="fu">&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</span></code></pre></div>
 158 <h3 id="standard---keep-access-and-error-logs">Standard - Keep access and error logs</h3>
 159 <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode apache"><code class="sourceCode apache"><span class="fu">&lt;VirtualHost</span><span class="at"> *:80</span><span class="fu">&gt;</span>
 160     ServerName<span class="st">   shaarli.my-domain.org</span>
 161     DocumentRoot<span class="st"> /absolute/path/to/shaarli/</span>
 162
 163     <span class="ex">LogLevel</span><span class="ch">  </span><span class="kw">warn</span>
 164     ErrorLog<span class="st">  /var/log/apache2/shaarli-error.log</span>
 165     CustomLog<span class="st"> /var/log/apache2/shaarli-access.log combined</span>
 166 <span class="fu">&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</span></code></pre></div>
 167 <h3 id="paranoid---redirect-http-80-to-https-443">Paranoid - Redirect HTTP (:80) to HTTPS (:443)</h3>
 168 <p>See <a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS#Apache">Server-side TLS</a> (Mozilla).<a href=".html"></a></p>
 169 <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode apache"><code class="sourceCode apache"><span class="fu">&lt;VirtualHost</span><span class="at"> *:443</span><span class="fu">&gt;</span>
 170     ServerName<span class="st">   shaarli.my-domain.org</span>
 171     DocumentRoot<span class="st"> /absolute/path/to/shaarli/</span>
 172
 173     <span class="ex">SSLEngine</span><span class="ch">             </span><span class="kw">on</span>
 174     SSLCertificateFile<span class="st">    /absolute/path/to/the/website/certificate.pem</span>
 175     SSLCertificateKeyFile<span class="st"> /absolute/path/to/the/website/key.key</span>
 176
 177     <span class="fu">&lt;Directory</span><span class="at"> /absolute/path/to/shaarli/</span><span class="fu">&gt;</span>
 178         <span class="ex">AllowOverride</span><span class="ch"> </span><span class="kw">All</span>
 179         <span class="ex">Options</span><span class="ch"> </span><span class="kw">Indexes</span><span class="ch"> </span><span class="kw">FollowSymLinks</span><span class="ch"> </span><span class="kw">MultiViews</span>
 180         <span class="ex">Order</span><span class="ch"> </span><span class="kw">allow,deny</span>
 181         allow<span class="st"> from all</span>
 182     <span class="fu">&lt;/Directory&gt;</span>
 183
 184     <span class="ex">LogLevel</span><span class="ch">  </span><span class="kw">warn</span>
 185     ErrorLog<span class="st">  /var/log/apache2/shaarli-error.log</span>
 186     CustomLog<span class="st"> /var/log/apache2/shaarli-access.log combined</span>
 187 <span class="fu">&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</span>
 188 <span class="fu">&lt;VirtualHost</span><span class="at"> *:80</span><span class="fu">&gt;</span>
 189     ServerName<span class="st">   shaarli.my-domain.org</span>
 190     Redirect<span class="st"> 301 / https://shaarli.my-domain.org</span>
 191
 192     <span class="ex">LogLevel</span><span class="ch">  </span><span class="kw">warn</span>
 193     ErrorLog<span class="st">  /var/log/apache2/shaarli-error.log</span>
 194     CustomLog<span class="st"> /var/log/apache2/shaarli-access.log combined</span>
 195 <span class="fu">&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;</span></code></pre></div>
 196 <h3 id="htaccess">.htaccess</h3>
 197 <p>Shaarli use <code>.htaccess</code> Apache files to deny access to files that shouldn't be directly accessed (datastore, config, etc.). You need the directive <code>AllowOverride All</code> in your virtual host configuration for them to work.</p>
 198 <p><strong>Warning</strong>: If you use Apache 2.2 or lower, you need <a href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_version.html">mod_version</a> to be installed and enabled.<a href=".html"></a></p>
 199 <h2 id="lighthttpd">LightHttpd</h2>
 200 <h2 id="nginx">Nginx</h2>
 201 <h3 id="foreword">Foreword</h3>
 202 <p>Nginx does not natively interpret PHP scripts; to this effect, we will run a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FastCGI">FastCGI</a> service, to which Nginx's FastCGI module will proxy all requests to PHP resources.<a href=".html"></a></p>
 203 <p>Required packages:</p>
 204 <ul>
 205 <li><a href="http://nginx.org">nginx</a><a href=".html"></a></li>
 206 <li><a href="http://php-fpm.org">php-fpm</a> - PHP FastCGI Process Manager<a href=".html"></a></li>
 207 </ul>
 208 <p>Official documentation:</p>
 209 <ul>
 210 <li><a href="http://nginx.org/en/docs/beginners_guide.html">Beginner's guide</a><a href=".html"></a></li>
 211 <li><a href="http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_fastcgi_module.html">ngx_http_fastcgi_module</a><a href=".html"></a></li>
 212 <li><a href="http://wiki.nginx.org/Pitfalls">Pitfalls</a><a href=".html"></a></li>
 213 </ul>
 214 <p>Community resources:</p>
 215 <ul>
 216 <li><a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS#Nginx">Server-side TLS (Nginx)</a> (Mozilla)<a href=".html"></a></li>
 217 <li><a href="http://kbeezie.com/nginx-configuration-examples/">PHP configuration examples</a> (Karl Blessing)<a href=".html"></a></li>
 218 </ul>
 219 <h3 id="common-setup">Common setup</h3>
 220 <p>Once Nginx and PHP-FPM are installed, we need to ensure:</p>
 221 <ul>
 222 <li>Nginx and PHP-FPM are running using the <em>same user and group</em></li>
 223 <li>both these user and group have
 224 <ul>
 225 <li><code>read</code> permissions for Shaarli resources</li>
 226 <li><code>execute</code> permissions for Shaarli directories <em>AND</em> their parent directories</li>
 227 </ul></li>
 228 </ul>
 229 <p>On a production server:</p>
 230 <ul>
 231 <li><code>user:group</code> will likely be <code>http:http</code>, <code>www:www</code> or <code>www-data:www-data</code></li>
 232 <li>files will be located under <code>/var/www</code>, <code>/var/http</code> or <code>/usr/share/nginx</code></li>
 233 </ul>
 234 <p>On a development server:</p>
 235 <ul>
 236 <li>files may be located in a user's home directory</li>
 237 <li>in this case, make sure both Nginx and PHP-FPM are running as the local user/group!</li>
 238 </ul>
 239 <p>For all following configuration examples, this user/group pair will be used:</p>
 240 <ul>
 241 <li><code>user:group = john:users</code>,</li>
 242 </ul>
 243 <p>which corresponds to the following service configuration:</p>
 244 <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode ini"><code class="sourceCode ini"><span class="co">; /etc/php/php-fpm.conf</span>
 245 <span class="dt">user </span><span class="ot">=</span><span class="st"> john</span>
 246 <span class="dt">group </span><span class="ot">=</span><span class="st"> users</span>
 247
 248 <span class="kw">[...][]</span><span class="dt">(.html)</span>
 249 <span class="dt">listen.owner </span><span class="ot">=</span><span class="st"> john</span>
 250 <span class="dt">listen.group </span><span class="ot">=</span><span class="st"> users</span></code></pre></div>
 251 <pre class="nginx"><code># /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
 252 user john users;
 253
 254 http {
 255     [...][](.html)
 256 }</code></pre>
 257 <h3 id="optional-increase-the-maximum-file-upload-size">(Optional) Increase the maximum file upload size</h3>
 258 <p>Some bookmark dumps generated by web browsers can be <em>huge</em> due to the presence of Base64-encoded images and favicons, as well as extra verbosity when nesting links in (sub-)folders.</p>
 259 <p>To increase upload size, you will need to modify both nginx and PHP configuration:</p>
 260 <pre class="nginx"><code># /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
 261
 262 http {
 263     [...][](.html)
 264
 265     client_max_body_size 10m;
 266
 267     [...][](.html)
 268 }</code></pre>
 269 <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode ini"><code class="sourceCode ini"><span class="co"># /etc/php5/fpm/php.ini</span>
 270
 271 <span class="kw">[...][]</span><span class="dt">(.html)</span>
 272 <span class="dt">post_max_size </span><span class="ot">=</span><span class="st"> 10M</span>
 273 <span class="kw">[...][]</span><span class="dt">(.html)</span>
 274 <span class="dt">upload_max_filesize </span><span class="ot">=</span><span class="st"> 10M</span></code></pre></div>
 275 <h3 id="minimal-1">Minimal</h3>
 276 <p><em>WARNING: Use for development only!</em></p>
 277 <pre class="nginx"><code>user john users;
 278 worker_processes  1;
 279 events {
 280     worker_connections  1024;
 281 }
 282
 283 http {
 284     include            mime.types;
 285     default_type       application/octet-stream;
 286     keepalive_timeout  20;
 287
 288     index index.html index.php;
 289
 290     server {
 291         listen       80;
 292         server_name  localhost;
 293         root         /home/john/web;
 294
 295         access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log;
 296         error_log   /var/log/nginx/error.log;
 297
 298         location /shaarli/ {
 299             access_log  /var/log/nginx/shaarli.access.log;
 300             error_log   /var/log/nginx/shaarli.error.log;
 301         }
 302
 303         location ~ (index)\.php$ {
 304             fastcgi_pass   unix:/var/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock;
 305             fastcgi_index  index.php;
 306             include        fastcgi.conf;
 307         }
 308     }
 309 }</code></pre>
 310 <h3 id="modular">Modular</h3>
 311 <p>The previous setup is sufficient for development purposes, but has several major caveats:</p>
 312 <ul>
 313 <li>every content that does not match the PHP rule will be sent to client browsers:
 314 <ul>
 315 <li>dotfiles - in our case, <code>.htaccess</code></li>
 316 <li>temporary files, e.g. Vim or Emacs files: <code>index.php~</code></li>
 317 </ul></li>
 318 <li>asset / static resource caching is not optimized</li>
 319 <li>if serving several PHP sites, there will be a lot of duplication: <code>location /shaarli/</code>, <code>location /mysite/</code>, etc.</li>
 320 </ul>
 321 <p>To solve this, we will split Nginx configuration in several parts, that will be included when needed:</p>
 322 <pre class="nginx"><code># /etc/nginx/deny.conf
 323 location ~ /\. {
 324     # deny access to dotfiles
 325     access_log off;
 326     log_not_found off;
 327     deny all;
 328 }
 329
 330 location ~ ~$ {
 331     # deny access to temp editor files, e.g. &quot;script.php~&quot;
 332     access_log off;
 333     log_not_found off;
 334     deny all;
 335 }</code></pre>
 336 <pre class="nginx"><code># /etc/nginx/php.conf
 337 location ~ (index)\.php$ {
 338     # filter and proxy PHP requests to PHP-FPM
 339     fastcgi_pass   unix:/var/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock;
 340     fastcgi_index  index.php;
 341     include        fastcgi.conf;
 342 }
 343
 344 location ~ \.php$ {
 345     # deny access to all other PHP scripts
 346     deny all;
 347 }</code></pre>
 348 <pre class="nginx"><code># /etc/nginx/static_assets.conf
 349 location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$ {
 350     expires    max;
 351     add_header Pragma public;
 352     add_header Cache-Control &quot;public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate&quot;;
 353 }</code></pre>
 354 <pre class="nginx"><code># /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
 355 [...][](.html)
 356
 357 http {
 358     [...][](.html)
 359
 360     root        /home/john/web;
 361     access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log;
 362     error_log   /var/log/nginx/error.log;
 363
 364     server {
 365         # virtual host for a first domain
 366         listen       80;
 367         server_name  my.first.domain.org;
 368
 369         location /shaarli/ {
 370             access_log  /var/log/nginx/shaarli.access.log;
 371             error_log   /var/log/nginx/shaarli.error.log;
 372         }
 373
 374         location = /shaarli/favicon.ico {
 375             # serve the Shaarli favicon from its custom location
 376             alias /var/www/shaarli/images/favicon.ico;
 377         }
 378
 379         include deny.conf;
 380         include static_assets.conf;
 381         include php.conf;
 382     }
 383
 384     server {
 385         # virtual host for a second domain
 386         listen       80;
 387         server_name  second.domain.com;
 388
 389         location /minigal/ {
 390             access_log  /var/log/nginx/minigal.access.log;
 391             error_log   /var/log/nginx/minigal.error.log;
 392         }
 393
 394         include deny.conf;
 395         include static_assets.conf;
 396         include php.conf;
 397     }
 398 }</code></pre>
 399 <h3 id="redirect-http-to-https">Redirect HTTP to HTTPS</h3>
 400 <p>Assuming you have generated a (self-signed) key and certificate, and they are located under <code>/home/john/ssl/localhost.{key,crt}</code>, it is pretty straightforward to set an HTTP (:80) to HTTPS (:443) redirection to force SSL/TLS usage.</p>
 401 <pre class="nginx"><code># /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
 402 [...][](.html)
 403
 404 http {
 405     [...][](.html)
 406
 407     index index.html index.php;
 408
 409     root        /home/john/web;
 410     access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log;
 411     error_log   /var/log/nginx/error.log;
 412
 413     server {
 414         listen       80;
 415         server_name  localhost;
 416
 417         return 301 https://localhost$request_uri;
 418     }
 419
 420     server {
 421         listen       443 ssl;
 422         server_name  localhost;
 423
 424         ssl_certificate      /home/john/ssl/localhost.crt;
 425         ssl_certificate_key  /home/john/ssl/localhost.key;
 426
 427         location /shaarli/ {
 428             access_log  /var/log/nginx/shaarli.access.log;
 429             error_log   /var/log/nginx/shaarli.error.log;
 430         }
 431
 432         location = /shaarli/favicon.ico {
 433             # serve the Shaarli favicon from its custom location
 434             alias /var/www/shaarli/images/favicon.ico;
 435         }
 436
 437         include deny.conf;
 438         include static_assets.conf;
 439         include php.conf;
 440     }
 441 }</code></pre>
 442 </body>
 443 </html>